home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- <text id=93TT0242>
- <link 93TO0113>
- <title>
- July 26, 1993: Levees:Do They Work Too Well?
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1993
- July 26, 1993 The Flood Of '93
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- COVER, Page 30
- DISASTERS
- Levees: Do They Work Too Well?
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> A river view is a priceless asset, or so the residents of Davenport,
- Iowa, believed. Now, however, they are realizing that their
- postcard vistas came at a price. Two weeks ago, the town, which
- had chosen not to build a lewas swamped by millions of gallons
- of murky water. Yet while Davenport flooded, the business district
- of nearby Rock Island, Illinois, barely got its feet wet. Reason:
- in 1971 Rock Island decided to build a rock-and-clay floodwall.
- </p>
- <p> In spite of the impression created by images of levees and houses
- being overrun by rising waters, the mounds of earth and rock
- built to contain the Mississippi around population centers have
- by and large worked. At week's end, along 600 miles of swollen,
- surging river, most major levees continued to hold.
- </p>
- <p> The problem, ironically, is that the enormous system of levees
- built up over more than 200 years may be working too well. As
- the flood recedes and cities like Davenport begin the dismal
- task of cleaning up, sharp questions are being raised about
- the wisdom of the nation's approach to flood control, and the
- cost, both financial and environmental, of a program that relies
- on man-made structures to contain the mighty river. Over the
- past seven decades, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has spent
- billions of dollars constructing an elaborate flood-control
- network, including 7,000 miles of levees, along the Mississippi
- and the rivers that feed it. The system was intended to protect
- the communities that sprang up on the river's edge, and most
- of the time it has. But many environmentalists believe that,
- over the years, the corps's attempts to control the Mississippi
- have backfired. Left to its own devices, a flooding river spreads
- horizontally, filling its natural floodplain and enriching it
- with fertile, alluvial soil. Along the Mississippi, however,
- this pattern of natural flow has been increasingly blocked by
- a patchwork of levees.
- </p>
- <p> The effect is that an increasingly pent-up river rises higher,
- moves faster downstream, and is more prone to back up like a
- clogged drain, increasing the pressure on unfortified areas.
- "The water has to go somewhere," says aquatic ecologist Richard
- Sparks of the Illinois Natural History Survey, "and if we don't
- allow it to spread out, the only direction it can go is up."
- </p>
- <p> Nowhere are these effects more dramatic than in the Mississippi
- Delta, which used to be replenished every year with rich alluvial
- deposits. Now the soil, laden with nutrients, is carried by
- the river, bypasses the Delta and falls into the Gulf of Mexico,
- where it is contributing to algae blooms and threatening the
- fisheries. The Delta is sinking, with the result that the levees
- keeping the river at bay have to be periodically raised.
- </p>
- <p> But it is ordinary human activity--not just the Corps of Engineers--that has robbed the Mississippi basin of its most precious
- resource: the wetlands and riparian forests that once absorbed
- excess rainwater like so many giant sponges. In fact, the displacement
- of this natural flood-control system by an artificial one may,
- over time, increase the number of record-busting floods.
- </p>
- <p> Even critics of the corps concede that protecting existing cities
- and towns is appropriate. Hannibal, Missouri, can only be thankful
- that it has just completed construction of a new $8 million
- floodwall, without which the Mark Twain home and museum would
- now be underwater. But absolutely critical to stemming future
- flood losses, a federal task force concluded last year, is protection
- of riverine floodplains from further development. In some cases
- it may even prove cost effective to relocate entire flood-prone
- communities. "We need to start giving land back to the river,"
- says Larry Larson, head of Wisconsin's floodplain program. "If
- we don't, sooner or later the river will take it back."
- </p>
- <p> By J. Madeleine Nash/Chicago
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-